Wayuu High Heels High Heels Fashion Week

Footwear that raises the heel of the wearer's foot significantly higher than the toes

High-heeled shoes, likewise known as loftier heels or only heels, are a type of shoe in which the heel is alpine or raised, resulting in the heel of the wearer's foot beingness significantly higher off the ground than the wearer's toes. High heels make the wearer appear taller, serve to accentuate the musculus tone in the legs every bit well as make the wearer's legs appear longer.^[1]

At that place are many types of high heels, varying in colors, materials, style, and origin. Perhaps the first known pictorial prove of high heels comes from 10th-century Persia (Islamic republic of iran) where men wore them in combination with stirrups for horse riding.^[2] Heels have had meaning cultural and fashionable meanings attached to them over the past 1,000 years, especially regarding the social construction of gender in the West.^[2] In early 17th century Europe, high heels were a sign of masculinity and high social condition, and at the end of the century the trend had spread to women's fashion as well.^[3] By the 18th century, high-heeled shoes had bifurcated along gender lines, with men's heels being either riding or tall leather boots, and women'south becoming more than similar the heels we see today.^[3] By the 20th century narrow high heels represented femininity and "erotic capital." Notwithstanding, a thick high heel was still acceptable for men in some situations.^[2] Until the 1950s, heels were typically made of forest, but today they can exist made of a variety of materials including leather, suede, and plastic.^[4]

Wearing high heels is associated with health risks such as a greater risk of falls in the elderly,^[five] musculoskeletal hurting,^[half-dozen] the development of human foot deformities^{[vi] [seven]} every bit well equally varicose veins.^[8]

History [edit]

Pre-1700s [edit]

European heeled shoes from c. 1690

High heels take a long history, dating as far dorsum as the 10th century. The Persian cavalry wore a kind of boot with heels in order to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups. Farther, heels kept pointer-shooting riders, who stood up on galloping horses, safely on the horse.^[nine] This utility of the heel for horseback riders has been preserved in the cowboy kick. Before the Industrial age, owning horses was an indicator of wealth, as their maintenance is both expensive and fourth dimension-consuming. Thus, the wearing of heels traditionally implied the wearer had pregnant wealth.^[10] This practical utilise of the heel has set the standard for near horseback riding shoes throughout history and into the nowadays twenty-four hour period. Another notable early wearer of heels was the Pope after the Great Schism, who wore scarlet heeled shoes as early equally the 11th century.^[3] Later, in twelfth-century India, a statue from the Ramappa Temple depicts an Indian adult female's foot clad in a raised shoe. During the Medieval period, both men and women wore platform shoes (the women'south variant being known as chopines) in lodge to enhance themselves out of the trash and excrement filled streets.^[xi] These heels reached a elevation of up to 30 inches (76 cm) in 1430. Venetian law later limited the height to three inches—but this regulation was widely ignored.^[12] A 17th-century law in Massachusetts appear that women would be subjected to the same treatment as witches if they lured men into marriage via the use of high-heeled shoes.^[13]

1700s [edit]

Modern high heels were brought to Europe by Western farsi emissaries of Abbas the Great in the early 17th century.^[ix] Men wore them to imply their upper-class condition; only someone who did not have to work could afford, both financially and practically, to vesture such extravagant shoes. Royalty such equally Rex Louis XIV wore heels, and his predecessor King Louis Xiii introduced the red heel to the courtroom of French dignity.^[3] As the shoes became a fashion trend, and other members of society began donning loftier heels, some elite members ordered their heels to be made even college to distinguish themselves from lower classes.^[xiv] Some authorities began regulating the length of a loftier heel'due south indicate according to social rank: " 1⁄two inch for commoners, 1 inch for the bourgeois, 1 and 1⁄2 inches for knights, 2 inches for nobles, and 2 and i⁄2 inches for princes."^[15] As women began to clothing heeled shoes in the mid-to-late 17th century, societal trends moved to distinguish men's from women's heels. By the 18th century, men wore thick heels, while women wore sparse ones.^[3] Over the course of the Enlightenment, men's heels began to concentrate into either practical riding boots or tall leather boots worn for status.^[3] In the late 1780s, the societal implications of wearing loftier and thin heels became fixed: loftier, thin heels represented femininity and the supposed superficiality and extravagance of women.^[10]

Typical 18th-century shoe

The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to effectually the 1720s placed the wearer's body weight on the brawl of the foot, and were decorated with lace or braided fabric. From the 1730s to the 1740s, wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular. The 1750s and 1760s introduced a skinnier, higher heel. The 1790s continued this trend only saw more experimentation with colour. Additionally, in this period, at that place was no divergence between the correct and left shoes.^[sixteen]

In Uk in 1770, an act was introduced into the parliament which would accept applied the same penalties to the use of high heels and other corrective devices as would have been applied in the case of witchcraft.^[17]

1800s [edit]

Heels went out of fashion starting effectually 1810, and so in 1860, they surged in popularity, with an boilerplate height of about 2 and a half inches. The Pinet heel and the Cromwell heel were both introduced during this time.^[xviii] Their production was too increased with the invention and eventual mass product of the sewing machine around the 1850s. With sewing machines, yields increased every bit machines could quickly and cheaply "position the heel, stitc[h] the upper, and attac[h] the upper to the sole."^[fifteen]

1900s [edit]

The two World Wars of the 20th century led to a shortage in materials, resulting in many countries rationing the supply of silk, prophylactic, or leather which were previously used in the making shoes to prioritize their availability for military use. Heels began to be replaced with cork and wooden-soled shoes.^[nineteen] Due to the postal service-state of war increase in international advice, especially through photography and films, the Western way of women's high heels began to spread globally.^[xv] In the early post-state of war period, dark-brown and white pumps with cutouts or ankle straps combined with an open up toe were some of the most fashionable women's heels.^[19] Loftier heeled shoes began to also symbolize professionalism for many women in the West, while leather and rubber thick-heeled boots for men came to be associated with Militarism and masculinity.

The era surrounding Globe War 2 saw the popularization of pin-upwardly girl posters, the women in which were almost always pictured wearing high heels. In the minds of many men at war, and, afterward, in American club at large, this led to an increase in the strength of the relationship between high heels and female sexuality.^[ten] The tall, skinny stiletto heel was invented in 1950, and quickly became an keepsake of female sexuality.^[16] There was a weakening of the stiletto style during the late 1960s through the early 1970s and 1990s when block heels were more prominent, followed by a revival in the 2000s.

• 

  1920 U.s.a. Marine Corps shoe, with high heel, showing position of pes bones (vertical black marks on the x-ray are nails used to concur the sole and heel on)

• 

  Same shoe from to a higher place, showing pointed toe box too narrow for the toes, and hallux valgus deformity. The high heel shifts weight forwards, putting additional pressure level on the sides of the toes

21st century [edit]

In the Western earth, high heeled shoes be in two highly gendered and parallel tracks: highly fashionable and variable women's shoes with thin long heels, and practical, relatively uniform men'southward shoes in a riding boot style, with thick, relatively curt heels.^[eleven] Heels are often described as a sexual practice symbol for women, and magazines like Playboy, besides as other media sources that primarily portray women in a sexual manner, frequently do so using high heels. Paul Morris, a psychology researcher at the University of Portsmouth, argues that high heels accentuate "sex-specific aspects of female gait," artificially increasing a woman's femininity.^[11] Likewise, many come across the arching of a woman'south back facilitated by wearing high heels every bit an imitation of a signal of a woman'due south willingness to be courted by a man.^{[twenty] [21]} Despite the sexual connotations, heels are considered both fashionable and professional dress for women in nearly cases, the latter especially if accompanied by a pants conform. Some researchers argue that high heels have become part of the female workplace uniform and operate in a much larger and complex ready of display rules.^[xi] Loftier heels are considered to pose a dilemma to women every bit they bring them psychosexual benefits only are detrimental to their health.^{[ original research? ] [22]} The 21st century has introduced a wide spectrum and variety of styles, ranging from superlative and width of heel, to design and color of the shoe.

Types [edit]

• Stacked heel – normally layers of leather v mm thick stacked together and trimmed to lucifer the shape of the heel.^[1] These are normally known as block heels.
• Continental heel – seven.v mm, with the upper office of the breast of the heel spreading towards the center of the shoe.^[ane]
• Setback heel – similar to the continental heel, but the surface of the back of the heel is straight, forming a correct bending.^[1]
• Cuban heel – like to the continental heel, but not curved, generally medium peak^[1]
• Pantaloon heel – "similar to pantaloon pants: the pinnacle lift function of the heel is spread out every bit it extends to the bottom part of the heel, and the waistline of the heel curves inward naturally."^[ane]
• Bending heel – "the surface of the base of the heel is straight until reaching the waistline, and it looks like the shape of the Korean letter ¬"^[1]
• Pinet heel – straight and skinny^[xviii]
• Cromwell shoe – based on Oliver Cromwell with heel upwardly to 170 mm (6.5 in).^[18]
• Bar style – had jewelry or other decorative aspects; associated with flapper civilisation.^[eighteen]
• New Look in 1947 – a slim, elegant heel, newly created by putting steel in the heel. This enabled the heel to be skinny without snapping.^[18]
• Annabelle – vii-cm platform heel^[8]
• Stiletto – tall, skinny heel; first mentioned in a paper in September 1953.^[18] The term significant 'pocketknife', 'blade,' or 'dagger' in Italian.^[23]
• Wedges – popularized past Salvatore Ferragamo, who introduced this in the Italian market in the late 1930s.
• Platform shoe - heel with large platform, or thicker sole, where the ball of the foot sits. ^[24]

Materials [edit]

Loftier heels have been made from a wide diverseness of materials throughout history. In the early on years, leather and cowhide were preferred. Subsequently, silk and patent leather were introduced. At the same time, cork and forest were utilized as cheap resource in times of war.^[19] After the World Wars, and the increase in product of steel, the bodily heel was often a piece of steel wrapped in some material. This enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping.^[25] The soles beneath the ball of the pes of Ballroom shoes tin also exist made of materials like polish leather, suede, or plastic.^[26]

Health impacts [edit]

Injury and pain [edit]

Wearing loftier-heeled shoes is strongly associated with injury, including injury requiring hospital care. There is evidence that high-heel-wearers autumn more frequently, especially with heels college than ii.five cm,^[7] fifty-fifty if they were not wearing high heels at the time of the autumn.^[6] Wearing loftier heels is too associated with musculoskeletal pain,^[half-dozen] specifically pain in the paraspinal muscles (muscles running up the back forth the spine)^{[ citation needed ]} and specifically with heel pain and plantar calluses (merely women tested).^[7]

A 2001 survey conducted by Pennsylvania State Academy using 200 women found that 58% of women complained of lower back pain when wearing heels, and 55% of women said they felt the worst overall back pain when wearing the highest heel.^[27] The same study argues that as heel acme increases, the torso is forced to take on an increasingly unnatural posture to maintain its center of gravity. This inverse position places more pressure and tension on the lower lumbar spine, which may explain why some of the women complained of severe back pain at a higher heel length.

In a 1992 study, researchers from the Academy of California, Davis, and Thomas Jefferson University conducted an investigation on the furnishings of increased heel pinnacle on foot force per unit area using 40-five female participants walking across a pressure plate in various heel heights.^[28] A Biokinetics software was used to clarify the verbal pressure level locations on and along each participants' pes. The researchers concluded that an increase in heel tiptop leads to an increase in pressure beneath each of the Metatarsal bones of the foot. Additionally, they found that the highest heel heights caused constant pressure that could not be evenly dispersed across the foot.

In a 2012 study, Kai-Yu Ho, Mark Blanchette, and Christopher Powers investigated the impact of heel pinnacle on patellofemoral joint stress during walking.^[29] The study consisted of eleven participants wearing tracking and reflective markers as they walked across a 10-meter force-plated walkway in low, medium, and high heels. The written report argued that equally the height of the heel increased, the brawl of the foot experienced an increase in force per unit area resulting in increased discomfort levels and meridian patellofemoral joint stress. The researchers also mentioned that the long-term usage of high heels may lead to repetitive overstress of the joint, which may effect in an increase in pain and, eventually, patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis and Patellofemoral pain syndrome.

In a 2012 study, researchers examined the long risk time loftier heel wearers would take in regards to calf Muscle fascicle length and strain.^[thirty] The control group consisted of women who wore heels for less than ten hours weekly and the experimental group consisted of women who wore heels for a minimum of twoscore hours weekly for at to the lowest degree two years. The experimental group was told to walk downwards a walkway barefoot and in heels. In contrast, the command grouping walked barefoot as cameras recorded their movements to calculate musculus fascicle lengths. The data showed that wearing heels shortened the size of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle bundles in the calf significantly every bit well as increasing stiffness in the Achilles Tendon. The experimental group also demonstrated a more significant strain on the muscle fascicles while walking in heels because of the flexed position the foot is forced into. The researchers estimated that when wearing heels, the estimated fascicle strains were approximately iii times higher, and the fascicle strain rate was about six times college. Additionally, they concluded that the long-term usage of high heels could increase the gamble of injuries such equally strain and discomfort, and muscle fatigue.

• 

  Diagram of an Achilles tendon

Bunions [edit]

Loftier-heeled shoes almost e'er have pointed toe boxes^[31] which do not fit around the toes, just displace them from their natural position.

Wearing high-heeled shoes is associated with developing bunions, a deformity of the human foot.^{[half dozen] [7]}

Residuum command of the trunk [edit]

In 2016, scientists from the Section of Concrete Therapy in the Sahmyook University in Korea conducted a study to examine increased heel height and gait velocity on residual control.^[32] In this report, the participants were told to article of clothing either a depression or loftier heel and walk on a treadmill at a low and high speed. As a result of this experiment, the researchers argued that as heel height increased, the sway velocity of the bodies increased, which besides modified the position of the knee joint, requiring the muscles of the leg to realign the entire torso, especially the hips, along the line of gravity. As the body'due south weight shifted forward, the hips were taken out of alignment, and the genu joints experienced stress to adjust to the shift.

Postural furnishings [edit]

In a 2016 study from the Sahmyook University in Korea, researchers investigated the effects of high heels on the activation of muscles in the cervical and lumbar portions of the spine.^[33] Thirteen women were recruited to walk down a walkway in three different testing weather: barefoot, in 4 cm heels and in ten cm heels. Surface electrodes were placed on the muscle mass of the women'due south spines and their feet to mensurate the electrical activity of muscles at different points of movement. The report results indicated an increment in both cervical and lumbar musculus activation every bit heel meridian increased: the cervical spine, the cervix assists in maintaining head stability and postural control in the trunk. The usage of high heels shifts the torso'due south heart of mass, which requires the spine to adjust itself to maintain balance. The researchers mentioned that these results would increase local muscle fatigue over time, which could pb to muscle swelling, decreased muscle motion, and, in extreme cases of overuse, tissue deformation.

Vein swelling [edit]

Some research indicates that a possible consequence of wearing high heels is increasing pressure in one'south veins. Experiments suggest that the college the heel, the "higher [the] venous pressure level in the leg." This means that after repeated employ of high heels, varicose veins and other undesirable symptoms are much more likely to announced in the legs.^[viii] Other enquiry supports that merits that wearing high heels can atomic number 82 to numerous long-term effects, including accidental trauma to multiple areas of the body.^[11]

Legislation [edit]

In Carmel-past-the-Ocean, California, heels over two inches high with less than one square inch of bearing surface can exist worn but with a permit.^[34]

It has been argued^{[ past whom? ]} that high heels in the workplace should be bailiwick to a health and safety assessment.^[35]

In the UK in 2016 temporary receptionist Nicola Thorp was sent home without pay afterwards she refused to follow the dress code of the firm Portico. Thorp launched an online petition calling for the UK government to "make it illegal for a visitor to require women to wear loftier heels at piece of work".^[36] Two parliamentary committees in January 2017 decided that Portico had broken the constabulary, but by this fourth dimension the company had already changed its terms of employment.^{[37] [38]} The petition was rejected by the regime in April 2017 as they stated that existing legislation was "adequate".^[39] Existing legislation in the Great britain allows women to be required to wear loftier heels, simply simply if it is considered a job requirement and men in the same job are required to dress to an "equivalent level of smartness".^[40]

In April 2017 the Canadian province of British Columbia amended workplace legislation to prevent employers from requiring women to wear high heels at piece of work.^[41] Other Canadian provinces followed suit.^[42]

The Philippines forbade companies from mandating that female employees wear loftier heels at piece of work in September 2017.^[43]

The #KuToo entrada in Japan nerveless over 150,000 signatures on a petition^[44] for a ban on mandatory high heels. The authorities said that they had no plans to change.^[45] Japan'due south labor minister commented that high heels are "necessary and appropriate" for women.^[46]

Feminism [edit]

Loftier heels tin can have the effect of sexualizing the wearer.

In the West, high heeled shoes are oft regarded as an emblem of femininity, and thus have been the subject of analysis by Feminist authors. Some accept argued that "loftier-heeled shoes, maybe more than any other item of clothing, are seen as the ultimate symbol of existence a adult female."^[eighteen] Modern high heels with thin and long heels oftentimes serve to emphasize the wearer'south arched back and extended buttocks. This "natural courtship pose" has sometimes been analyzed as a form of objectification in service of the male gaze.^[9]

Some Feminist scholars take argued that men's views on the civilization of loftier heels are problematic: A sizable proportion of men regard the cultural expectation for women in professional environments to article of clothing high heels as elementary.^[47] However, information technology has not been popular for men to habiliment alpine and thin high heels since the late 17th century.^[10] Thus, since some women study that high heels are ofttimes painful to walk in,^[1] and unremarkably result in negative side effects to joints and veins after prolonged use,^[8] many have argued that information technology is unreasonable of men to support such a cultural norm.

At the feminist Miss America protestation in 1968, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "liberty trash can." These included high heels,^[48] which were among items the protestors chosen "instruments of female torture"^[49] and accouterments of what they perceived to exist enforced femininity.

In 2015, a group of women were turned away from a picture premiere at the Cannes Flick Festival in France for wearing flat shoes, including a woman physically unable to wear heels due to an operation on one of her anxiety.^[50] The women complained that the policy of the festival on women's footwear was unjust. Festival organizers after responded that at that place was no official policy on footwear and stated that they would remind red-carpet officials of this.^{[fifteen] [51]}

Clothes codes [edit]

Some wearing apparel codes require women to wear high heels, and some medical organizations accept called for a ban on such dress codes.^[6] There have been many protests by women workers confronting such policies. Laws regarding clothes codes that require women to wear high heels in the workplace vary.

A Mile in Her Shoes [edit]

A Mile in Her Shoes: men walk a mile in high heels to support domestic violence victims

A Mile in Her Shoes is an annual march in which men wear red high heels and walk a mile to protest domestic violence. Some academics^{[ who? ]} have suggested that by wearing high heels for such a brief catamenia and making a point of acting like they practise non know how to walk properly, these men reinforce the stereotype that only women tin or should habiliment high heels.^[52]

Children [edit]

High heels are marketed to children, and some schools encourage children to wear them.^[6] eighteen% of injuries from wearing high heels were in children, and iv% in nether-tens, in a 2002–2012 Usa survey.^[6] A 2016 medical review on high-heeled shoes expressed concern about children'south apply of high heels.^[6] A 9-year-old is about half an adult'due south height, and a toddler almost a quarter; so, relative to body elevation, a 2-inch (five  cm) heel on an adult would be a one-inch heel on the nine-yr-old, and a half-inch heel on the toddler,^[31] though whether this translates to comparable health harms is not known.^[6]

Dancing [edit]

Styles of dance that apply heels [edit]

Standard ballroom tango shoes

Many styles of trip the light fantastic are performed in heels. Ballroom dancing shoes are specific to the dance style being performed. International Standard ballroom shoes for women are airtight-toed shoes with a sturdy 2-to-2.5-inch heel considering steps are performed using the foot's heel.^[53] International Latin and American Rhythm shoes are open-toed, strapped heels that are an average of 2.5 to 3 inches in height. These shoes have the least sturdy heel because International Latin and American Rhythm styles are performed on the ball of the foot. This manner of shoe is designed with a flexible sole to allow pointed feet. Lastly, American Smooth shoes are closed-toed, flexible-soled shoes that range in heel pinnacle from ii to ii.5 inches.

A non-traditional ballroom trip the light fantastic toe that uses heels is the Argentine tango. While dancing the Argentine tango, women often wear pointed heels ranging in top from 2 to 4 inches.^[26] More advanced dancers typically choose college heels. The heels tin can accept a significant impact on the posture of a dancer past tilting the pelvis and making the buttocks more than prominent, forcing the belly in and pushing the breasts out.^[54] They can as well crusade instability every bit they force women to dance on their toes and lean on their partner, which adds to the fluidity of the movements.

A modern fashion of dance chosen heels choreography or stiletto dance specializes in choreography that blends the styles of jazz, hip-hop and burlesque with the fusion of vogue movements and is performed using stilettos or high heels.^[55] Dancers such equally Yanis Marshall specialize in dancing with high heels.^[56]

Injuries [edit]

Some dance-related injuries are attributable to the use of heels. In particular, shoes with a narrow infinite for the toes can squeeze tightly enough to cause foot deformity.^[57] Dancers can add together cushioning to the soles of their dancing shoes or inserts to ease the pain during dancing.^[26]

See likewise [edit]

• Desert boots
• Fashion boots
• Human foot binding
• Pointed shoe (disambiguation)
• Riding boots
• Thigh-high boots
• Ballet boot
• Cowboy boot
• Elevator shoes
• Fuck-me shoes
• High heel policy
• Insolia
• Locomotor furnishings of shoes
• Platform boots
• Removable heel
• Stiletto heel
• Wedge heel

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External links [edit]

• Bata Shoe Museum
• Loftier Heel Shoe museum
• "How to Clothing Loftier Heels"—Cosmopolitan

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